Hi!
What can i do in nearest sectors of colony? and how can i mine outside of my colony?
One tile over? Nothing. Two tiles over? Increase "Maximum number of colonies" in the options menu, caravan to it and make a second colony. Keep in mind the other colonies get their own events, how many concurrent raids you are willing to juggle?
Keep an eye out for Vanilla Outposts Expanded mod for more passive mining colonies.
Also not a Support forum issue, more like General.