One rule of thumb I use, is to grow the slowest-growth (usually most efficient) crop that will fit into the growing season where my base is, for the majority of my crops. So if the area I'm in has a growing season of 20 days, that's just barely long enough for corn. If it's 10 days, I'll only grow rice or potatoes. The slow-growing crops will take the least amount of work for the largest amount of harvest, since your pawns don't have to constantly harvest and re-plant the crops.
It's also a good idea to grow a mix of different crops, so no one thing will starve your colony. Corn lasts the longest time in an unrefrigerated (but walled and roofed) warehouse, so you can overproduce it, and just keep a big stockpile. However, it takes the longest time to grow, so fires, toxic fallout, blight, and cold snaps will be a lot more penalizing if you're only growing corn. Rice grows the fastest, and lasts a decently long time unrefrigerated, so you should almost always have a small plot of rice, at least until you've got a big stockpile of other food. Potatoes rot the fastest, but grow well in stony soil / gravel. Strawberries can be eaten raw without the "uncooked" mood penalty, if you're out of fuel or there's a solar flare.
Finally, as mentioned previously, you can store a lot of uncooked vegetables in an unrefrigerated warehouse. A stack of uncooked corn has less total nutrients than a stack of meals, but the corn will last an entire year (60 days on this planet) unrefrigerated, while the meals will rot in only 4 days. A single 4x4 room will hold exactly the 1200 corn needed for one (non-glutton) colonist for a year. If you make the room 12x12, that's enough for 9 colonists, but will only need one outer wall (and a single pillar in the middle?) to hold up the roof, saving construction time. Note that a large warehouse can have fire spread and burn the entire stockpile, so you might want to have smaller warehouses for your grains, in case raiders or anything else sets part of it on fire.
It's also a good idea to grow a mix of different crops, so no one thing will starve your colony. Corn lasts the longest time in an unrefrigerated (but walled and roofed) warehouse, so you can overproduce it, and just keep a big stockpile. However, it takes the longest time to grow, so fires, toxic fallout, blight, and cold snaps will be a lot more penalizing if you're only growing corn. Rice grows the fastest, and lasts a decently long time unrefrigerated, so you should almost always have a small plot of rice, at least until you've got a big stockpile of other food. Potatoes rot the fastest, but grow well in stony soil / gravel. Strawberries can be eaten raw without the "uncooked" mood penalty, if you're out of fuel or there's a solar flare.
Finally, as mentioned previously, you can store a lot of uncooked vegetables in an unrefrigerated warehouse. A stack of uncooked corn has less total nutrients than a stack of meals, but the corn will last an entire year (60 days on this planet) unrefrigerated, while the meals will rot in only 4 days. A single 4x4 room will hold exactly the 1200 corn needed for one (non-glutton) colonist for a year. If you make the room 12x12, that's enough for 9 colonists, but will only need one outer wall (and a single pillar in the middle?) to hold up the roof, saving construction time. Note that a large warehouse can have fire spread and burn the entire stockpile, so you might want to have smaller warehouses for your grains, in case raiders or anything else sets part of it on fire.
