Weather stuff in in Verse.WeatherDef, WeatherEvent, WeatherEventHandler, WeatherEventMaker, WeatherWorker.
Season stuff is in RimWorld.SeasonUtility
You might need to look in Verse.TickManager
Temperature stuff is in RimWorld.MapCondition_ClimateCycle
Time conversion is in RimWorld.GenDate
I'm not sure when you said you looked at the source whether you mean you looked at the source whether you mean you looked at the source in the game folder, or whether you looked at the disassembly. You'll have to do the latter to get a fuller picture. There's tutorials on the wiki.
You also don't really say what you're trying to do. Seasons aren't really a thing. The game is run on ticks. The date is calculated based on the number of ticks that have passed. The climate cycle is a sin wave that repeats each year. The only "seasons" are the result of seeing which quarter of the years' worth of ticks have passed. There's no real definition of spring, summer, winter, fall, except for when they get triggered.
If you wanted to change that, it's certainly possible to do so, probably a fair bit of work though. If you want to change the length of seasons displayed, maybe detour RimWorld.MonthUtility.GetSeason. If you want to change the length of the year, then look at GenDate. If you want to change how the temperature reacts to seasons, then make a new Map Condition to replace climate cycle. You can use that map condition to change the sky color and overlay as well, look at toxicfallout.
If I were to try it myself, I'd focus on the mapconditions and not worry about trying to change the fundamentals of the year.